Sobibor Death Camp www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

The Sobibor extermination camp was located near Sobibor village, in the eastern part of the Lublin district of Poland, close to the Chelm - Wlodawa railway line. The Bug River (5 km away) today forms the border with the Ukraine.

In 1942 it was the border between the Generalgouvernement and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The area was swampy and is today as densely wooded as it was then.

The camp was the second death camp to be constructed as part of the Aktion Reinhard programme, and was built on similar lines to Belzec (the first Aktion Reinhard camp), following the lessons learned there.

In the early months of 1942 after a visit by a small aircraft that circled over the village, a train arrived at Sobibor. Two SS officers disembarked, construction engineers from the SS-Zentralbauleitung in Zamosc. They were Richard Thomalla, the construction expert for Aktion Reinhard, and construction supervisor Moser from Chelm.

They walked around the station, took measurements and finally made their way into the forest opposite the station. In March 1942 a new spur was built, which ended at an earthen ramp. The ramp is opposite the station building.

The camp fence (with interwoven branches) was built in a manner which ensured that the special spur and the ramp were located inside the camp, thus preventing passengers at the station from seeing what happened behind the fence. The deportation trains entered the ramp through a gate and disappeared behind the "green wall". In the station area three larger buildings existed - the station, the forester's house, and a two-storey post office. There was also a saw mill and several houses forworkers.

As construction work progressed (by 80 Jews from nearby ghettos, mainly Wlodawa and Wola Uhruska), the site was inspected by a commission led by SS-Hauptsturmführer Neumann, head of the Central Construction Office of the Waffen-SS and Police in Lublin. Once the Jews had completed the initial construction phase, they were gassed during the experimental gassing. Two or three of them escaped at that time to Wlodawa and informed the Hassidic rabbi there what was happening in Sobibor. This rabbi even proclaimed a fasting in memory of the first victims and also as a kind of act of resistance. Both the escapees and the rabbi were denounced by a Jewish policeman and all of them were executed.

Sobibor Camp

In front of the Station

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Dismantling the Camp

The camp was in the form of a 400 x 600 m rectangle, surrounded by a 3 m high double barbed wire fence, partially intertwined with pine branches to prevent observation from the outside (e.g. at the station area). Along the fence and in the corners of the camp were wooden watchtowers.
Each of the four camp areas was individually fenced in: the SS administration area (Vorlager), housing and workshops of the Jewish command (Camp I), the "reception" area (Camp II) and the real extermination site (Camp III).

The Vorlager included the ramp, with space for 20 railway cars, as well as the living quarters for the SS staff, both German and Ukrainian (Trawniki men / "Trawnikis"). The Vorlager also included the main gate. On top of the main gate was a wooden sign about 0.60 x 2.40 m, with the words `SS-Sonderkommando’, painted in Gothic letters. Unlike Belzec the SS men lived inside the camp.

Sobibor Map as remembered by SS Sergeant Bauer & Survivor Thomas Blatt

Rutherford map of Sobibor

*see Sobibor Maps page for greater detail

The Jews from the incoming transports were brought to the "reception" area (Camp II). Here they had to go through various procedures prior to their death in the gas chambers: division according to sex, the surrender of their suitcases, removal of clothing, the confiscation of possessions and valuables, and the cutting of the women's hair. On their way to the gas chambers the naked victims passed various buildings; some warehouse barracks, a second former forester's house separated by a high wooden fence (used as the camp offices and living quarters for some of the SS men), a small agricultural area with stables for horses, cattle, swine and geese, and about 250 m south of the gas chambers, a small wooden Catholic chapel in the shadow of tall pine trees. A high observation tower overlooked the entire area.

The most isolated extermination area (Camp III) was located in the north-western part of the camp. It contained the gas chambers, burial trenches and housing for the Jewish prisoners employed there. A path, 3 - 4 m wide and 150 m long, the "Schlauch” (tube), cynically called Himmelfahrtstraße (Street to Heaven) by the SS, led from the reception area to the extermination area. On either side the path was fenced in with barbed wire, intertwined with pine branches. Through it, the naked victims were herded towards the gas chambers. The barber's shop, a barrack where the hair of the Jewish women was cut for further use in Germany, was built near the end of the tube.

Jules Schelvis Model of Sobibor

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The three gas chambers were inside a brick building. Individual chambers were square shaped (4 x 4 m) and had a capacity of 160 - 180 persons. Each gas chamber was entered through a small door, leading from a veranda which ran along the length of the building. After gassing the bodies were removed through a 2 x 2 m folding door, opposite to the entrance, and placed on a second veranda.

Outside the building was an annex in which a motor produced the deadly carbon monoxide gas. Water pipes conducted the gas to the gas chambers. The burial pits were 50 - 60 m long, 10 - 15 m wide, and 5 - 7 m deep. The sandy walls were constructed obliquely in order to facilitate the burying of the corpses. A narrow gauge railway with tippers led from the station to the burial pits, bypassing the gas chambers.

While the basic installations were being made ready to exterminate the Jews, the organisation of the SS and Ukrainians was also taking shape. In April 1942, SS-Obersturmführer Franz Stangl was appointed commander of Sobibor. His first task was the speeding up of the construction works. Stangl visited Wirth, the commander of Belzec, to obtain guidance and experience. After his return the building of the camp was accelerated. Stangl, an Austrian with experience in the euthanasia program, had as his deputy another SS man with euthanasia experience: SS-Oberscharführer Hermann Michel, who was replaced a few months later by SS-Oberscharführer Gustav Wagner. Camp I, where the Jewish prisoners worked, and Camp III had their own commanders, subordinated to Stangl.

The commander of Camp I was SS-Oberscharführer Otto Weiss, who was replaced by SS-Oberscharführer Karl Frenzel. He had previously supervised the Jewish prisoners in Camp II. SS-Oberscharführer Kurt Bolender served as commander of Camp III from April 1942 until autumn 1942. He was later replaced by SS-Oberscharführer Erich Bauer. Alfred Ittner was in charge of the camp administration, later transferred to Camp III.

The Ukrainian guards at Sobibor came from the SS training camp in Trawniki where they were trained by SS-Scharführer Erich Lachmann. He had been in charge of these "Trawnikis" since August 1942. In autumn 1942 he was replaced by Bolender. The Trawnikis were organized in three platoons, led by Ukrainian Volksdeutsche who had already served in the German police and held appropriate ranks.

In early April 1942 when the camp was nearly completed, further experimental gassings took place. About 250 Jews from Krychow forced labour camp were brought there for this purpose. Wirth, the commander of Belzec, arrived in Sobibor to witness these gassings, accompanied by the chemist Dr Karl Blaurock.

In Mid April 1942 the camp was ready to receive the first transports. Probably this first transport came from Rejowiec near Chelm, from where more than 2,000 Jews were deported to Sobibor. This transport from Rejowiec arrived at Sobibor on 7 April 1942. It is also possible that the very first transport to Sobibor was from Kazimierz Dolny via Opole Lubelskie. War time sources state that people on the transport from Kazimierz threw letters in which they wrote they were deported in the direction of Wlodawa out of a train. After these further test killings had been carried out, the mass exterminations began in the first days of May 1942.

The deportation trains, consisting of up to 60 wagons, stopped at Sobibor station. Then a locomotive pushed 18 - 20 freight cars through the gate into the camp. When these had been unloaded, the next part of the train was picked up and pushed into the camp. The escort and railway workers had to stay outside the fencing. Only a specialised team of trusted Reichsbahn employees was allowed to enter the camp. Once inside, the train stopped alongside the ramp and the cars were opened by the Ukrainian guards. Those who were still alive were ordered to disembark from the dark, malodorous wagons. SS men drove them to the "reception” area in Camp II. A camp orchestra played during this procedure.

Stangl & his children

Stangl at a party

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SS-Oberscharführer Kurt Bolender testified how the extermination process operated:

"Before the Jews undressed, Oberscharführer Hermann Michel made a speech to them. On these occasions, he used to wear a white coat to give the impression he was a physician. Michel announced to the Jews that they would be sent to work. But before this they would have to take baths and undergo disinfection, so as to prevent the spread of diseases. After undressing, the Jews were taken through the "tube", by an SS man leading the way, with five or six Ukrainians at the back hastening the Jews along. After the Jews had entered the gas chambers, the Ukrainians closed the doors. The motor was switched on by the Ukrainian Emil Kostenko and by the German driver Erich Bauer from Berlin. After the gassing, the doors were opened and the corpses were removed by a group of Jewish slave workers."

After the first few weeks of undressing in the open air square of Camp II, an undressing barrack was erected. Inside this barrack were signs indicating directions "To the Cashier" and "To the Baths". The Jews handed over their money and valuables through the window of the cashier's room. The cashier was SS-Oberscharführer Alfred Ittner, who was the camp accountant. Later he was replaced by SS-Scharführer Herbert Floss.

Elderly people, the sick and invalids were told they would receive medical treatment. They were put in carts (later railway tippers were used) which were pushed by slave workers or pulled by a horse directly to the pits in Camp III, where these deportees were shot.

The slave workers who had to carry out these duties in the extermination process were selected from the transports: a few dozen strong young men and women. Every day some of them were shot or sent to the gas chambers immediately after they had fulfilled their duties. Their ranks were filled by arrivals from new transports. Some deportees were taken to Camp III, where they had to remove the gassed bodies and bury them. Probably from June 1942 the group of the prisoners in Sobibor was more and less constant. A limited number of skilled workers were selected from the transports, among them carpenters, tailors, and shoemakers. Others were engaged in collecting and sorting out the victim's property which was sent to Germany.

The 200 - 300 Jewish prisoners who were kept in Camp III had no contact with those in the other parts of the camp. Their food was cooked in Camp I and taken by Jewish prisoners to the gate of Camp III. Those who participated in the revolt in October 1943 also included people who were deported to Sobibor in June or even in May 1942, like Stanislaw Szmajzner.

On the ramp in Sobibor selections were carried out, especially when foreign transports arrived. Relatively small numbers of strong men and women were sent to small slave labour camps located around Sobibor, such as Krychow, Osowa, Nowosiolki, Sawin, Sajczyce, Dorohucza and Luta. People who, after weeks or months of exhausting labour in horrendous circumstances, were no longer able to work, were sent back to Sobibor to be killed. At their first arrival in Sobibor, they had not known that their relatives were going to be sent to the gas chambers. These selections for nearby labour camps were only carried out in Sobibor, not in the other two camps of Aktion Reinhard, Belzec and Treblinka.

During the first phase of killing operations in Sobibor, from 5 May (a transport from Opole) until the end of July 1942, at least 90,000 - 100,000 Jews perished in Sobibor. The transports mainly came from ghettos or transit camps in the Lublin district (at least 57,000), the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and Slovakia (6,000), as well as Germany and Austria (10,000).

At the end of July 1942 the deportations to Sobibor ceased, because of reconstruction works on the Lublin - Chelm railway line. During the next two months only a few smaller transports from some nearby ghettos arrived.

As in Belzec, of which the Sobibor extermination camp was considered to be an auxiliary facility (Ausweichstelle according to German historian Frank Golczewski), the killing capacity (less than 600 people per gassing) was enlarged and improved during the autumn of 1942. The construction works were supervised by SS Unterscharführer Erwin Lambert and SS-Scharführer Lorenz Hackenholt. They were the principals involved in the building of all of the gas chambers of Aktion Reinhard and some of those of the Nazi euthanasia programme (Aktion T4).
The new building had six gas chambers, three on each side of a corridor that ran through the centre of the structure. Now 1,300 people could be gassed at the same time.
After the construction works on the Lublin - Chelm railway line were completed, transports from the Generalgouvernement (70,000 – 80,000) and Slovakia (25,000) arrived between October 1942 and June 1943.

In early February 1943, -according to survivor Kurt Thomas it was on the 12^th of that month, - Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler visited the camp. It was cleaned and looked virtually idle. It is therefore probable that Himmler gave the order that henceforth, transports from the Netherlands and France should go to Sobibor. Himmler also watched a special demonstration of gassing in which several hundred Jewish girls from a nearby work camp lost their lives.

In March 1943 four transports from France brought 4,000 people. Virtually all of them were murdered, apart from Joseph Duniec.

19 transports arrived from the Netherlands between March and July 1943, carrying 34,313 Jews. In the first two transports passenger trains were used, after 10 March, cattle wagons. They were greeted by the SS with a polite welcome, in order to allay any concerns on the deportees' behalf. Of course almost all these Dutch Jews also finally met their end in the gas chambers. If these people had not been convinced that they were being transported to work camps somewhere in the East, it is conceivable that they would have tried to escape from the trains whilst in transit. Now, only 18 out of the 34,313 deportees survived, most of them after being selected and sent to surrounding labour camps.

On 5 July 1943 Himmler ordered the addition of a munitions supply area (Camp IV). Bunkers were built and mines were laid around the camp.
The last transports came from the Vilna, Minsk and Lida ghettos: 14,000 Jews arrived in the second half of September 1943.

German Military Cemetery at Chelm - Funeral of Sobibor SS Men

Resistance and escape attempts occurred throughout the camp's existence. On 20 July 1943, the "Forest Command" (Waldkommando / cutting trees, making firewood and branches for camouflage of the fences) revolted. Eight prisoners managed to escape, all the others were shot.

In July / August 1943 an underground group was formed amongst the Jewish prisoners, under the leadership of Leon Feldhendler, who had been the chairman of the Judenrat in the Zolkiew ghetto.
In one of the last transports from Minsk, Jewish members of the Red Army were brought to the camp. One of these was Lt. Aleksander (Sascha) Pechersky. He became the camp underground's commander, with Feldhendler as his deputy.

The revolt was planned to occur on 13 October 1943, but the unexpected arrival of an SS troop from the labour camp at Ossowa, caused a delay of 24 hours.

On 14 October 1943 Reichleitner, Wagner and Gomerski were on leave. The absence of Wagner and Gomerski, two of the cruellest SS men in Sobibor, seriously weakened the guard garrison.

At about 4 p.m. deputy commander Johann Niemann visited the tailor's shop to try on a new uniform. There he was killed by Yehuda Lerner or Aleksandr Shubayev with a blow from an axe. The revolt had begun - there was no turning back. There are conflicting survivor reports that say Josef Wolf was killed just before Niemann. Ten Germans, two Volksdeutsche and eight Ukrainian guards were killed, SS-Oberscharführer Werner Dubois was seriously injured.

On 15 October 1943, the SSPF Lublin advised his neighbouring SSPF in Luzk, SS Brigadeführer Wilhelm Günther in a radio message that some 700 Jews had broken out of the Sobibor camp and would be escaping in Günther’s direction. Counter-measures should be undertaken. In fact at this time Sobibor held 700 Jews but not all of them fled (source: S. Tyas), so that a smaller number (approximately 300) of escapees must be estimated. Most of these lost their lives in the hunt that followed, organized by the SS and police units.

Those who remained in the camp during the revolt – mainly the religious and foreign Jews who did not know the language or country, were killed on the spot. Also the prisoners in Camp III were executed. They had not participated in the revolt because they did not know about it and had no contact with other parts of the camp. The SS men Jührs, Sporleder and Zierke, assisted by Trawnikis (among them Bodessa and Kaiser), made these Jews work twice as hard as usual, at meaningless heavy labour, in order to break their spirit. The Jews were then executed in batches of five by a bullet in the neck.

In the wake of the uprising the Germans decided to liquidate Sobibor. Camp III, the extermination area, was immediately destroyed. The other facilities, especially those close to the ramp, were used until July 1944 as a camp for the German Baudienst (Construction Service). According to a witness in Wlodawa, who worked there as member of the Baudienst, the gas chambers were not destroyed in course of Camp III's dismantling but at a later date.

A transport of Jews from Treblinka (five freight wagons) arrived on 20 October, after the uprising. Their duty was to destroy the death camp in Sobibor. All of them were shot at the end of 1943 and burned in Sobibor. On 23 November 1943 Wagner announced the execution of the last remaining thirty Jews. Karl Blau, a Lagerkapo from Treblinka, and his wife committed suicide the night before, because an SS-man had informed them about the planned execution.

In the summer of 1944, the Sobibor area was liberated by the Red Army and Polish forces. At the end of the war, about fifty Jewish former inmates of the camp were still alive. Many had been in hiding or had joined the partisans.

Because Sobibor was no longer used as extermination camp, most of the barracks were not destroyed by the SS, but rather in the post-war era. The ramp was used until 1947 for gathering Ukrainian transports; between 1945 and 1947 the Ukrainian population from the eastern part of the Lublin district was resettled to the Ukraine or to the western parts of Poland (former German territories east of the Oder/Neiße border). While these Ukrainians waited for their trains (sometimes for up to one week), since they needed the wood for fuel or for campfires, they demolished the rest of the barracks.

The large watchtower was not destroyed because it was required by the forester to observe the forest (fire prevention). This watchtower collapsed and was removed in 2003. The commandant's house ("Swallow's Nest") was also not razed since it originally belonged to the forester's administration, and the Nazis simply returned it. In addition, the building was not strictly connected with the killing process, so that the Germans reasoned that it was not necessary to demolish it.
The ramp was used until 1960 and all railway traffic ceased in 1999. Sobibor station was no more.

It is estimated that between 150,000 and 250,000 Jews lost their lives in Sobibor.

In post-war trials, Gasmeister Erich Bauer was sentenced to death, but had his sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Hubert Gomerski also received a sentence of life imprisonment. The main Sobibor trial was held in Hagen in 1965/66. The principal defendants were Karl Frenzel (life imprisonment), Kurt Bolender, Werner Dubois (3 years), Erich Fuchs (4 years) and Franz Wolf (8 years).
Bolender committed suicide in his detention cell.
Gustav Wagner escaped to Brazil and committed suicide in 1980.

In 1961 a first memorial was built. Today an impressive memorial and a museum are located at the former camp site.

Sources:

Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN, USA, 1987
Szmajzner, S. Inferno em Sobibor (Hell in Sobibor), Rio de Janeiro, 1968
Arad, Y. Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka

Archive of Wlodawa and Sobibor Museums

Bundesarchiv in Ludwigsburg

Kuwalek, R. Oboz zaglady w Sobiborze w historiografii polskiej i obcej (Extermination Camp in Sobibor in the Polish and Foreign Historiography). “Zeszyty Majdanka”, Vol. XXI (2001)

Schelvis, J. Vernichtungslager Sobibór, Metropol Verlag, Berlin, 1998

Photo sources:

Ghetto Fighters House

USHMM

Jules Schelvis